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The Guild 2: Renaissance for PC Reviews. Bottom line, this game should never have been released. Even after nearly 1. Random crashes are still all too common, the AI management of businesses (necessary once you have more than a few) is still incompetent, your characters will randomly lose their attributes (which are VITAL to success in the game), spending experience to increase attributes will often spend the experience but not increase the attribute, NPCs will randomly disappear (which is annoying when you are trying to interact with them) and if you play as a rogue your pickpockets will randomly run back to base for no reason and then stay there but will still indicate that they are pickpocketing.
The Guild 2 - Renaissance; Wenn dies Ihr erster Besuch hier ist, lesen Sie bitte zuerst die Hilfe. Sticky: Patch 4.15 ready for download. The Guild 2 Latest Downloads. 173 downloads; The 1.4 patch for The Guild 2. This corrects \'Out of Sync\' errors, improves performance. Nordic Games announced the new patch 4.2 for The Guild 2 Renaissance. It will fix a lot of map bugs, add some scenarios and remaster the audio track for the. The Guild 2: Renaissance begins. The Guild 2: Renaissance v 4.15 Patch - The installer is in English and German. It\'s a total waste of money. Nazwa pliku: The Guild 2: Renaissance patch v.4.21. Patch o numerze 4.21 do gry The Guild 2 - Renaissance. The Guild 2 Renaissance Patch 4.2 is ready. The Guild series Patch 4.2 for The Guild 2 Renaissance released. German, Spanish, Italian), and as far as I know, patch 4.21. The Guild series Patch 4.2.
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How to Make Homemade Bone Broth. Featured Download: Download a complimentary copy of my Bone Broth Recipes Digital Guide and learn new ways to use nature. Send it to Me! If you aren’t already making bone broth regularly, I’d encourage you to start today! It is an incredibly healthy and very inexpensive addition to any diet and the homemade versions beat store bought broth in both taste and nutrition (although there is. You’ll find a large stock pot of broth/stock simmering in the kitchen of almost every 5- star restaurant for its great culinary uses and unparalleled flavor, but it is also a powerful health tonic that you can easily add to your family’s diet. Broth is a traditional food that your grandmother likely made often (and if not, your great- grandmother definitely did). Many societies around the world still consume broth regularly as it is a cheap and highly nutrient dense food. Besides it’s amazing taste and culinary uses, broth is an excellent source of minerals and is known to boost the immune system (chicken soup when you are sick anyone?) and improve digestion. Its high calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus content make it great for bone and tooth health. In fact, some even suggest that it helps. The Paleo Mom has a great explanation of the importance of these two amino acids: In addition, glycine is required for synthesis of DNA, RNA and many proteins in the body. Glycine also enhances muscle repair/growth by increasing levels of creatine and regulating Human Growth Hormone secretion from the pituitary gland. Glycine is also converted into the neurotransmitter serine, which promotes mental alertness, improves memory, boosts mood, and reduces stress. Proline has an additional role in reversing atherosclerotic deposits. It enables the blood vessel walls to release cholesterol buildups into your blood stream, decreasing the size of potential blockages in your heart and the surrounding blood vessels. There is no comparison to the store- bought versions which often contain MSG or other chemicals and which lack gelatin and some of the other health- boosting properties of homemade broth. In selecting the bones for broth, look for high quality bones from grass fed cattle or bison, pastured poultry, or wild caught fish. Since you’ll be extracting the minerals and drinking them in concentrated form, you want to make sure that the animal was as healthy as possible. There are several places to find good bones for stock: Save leftovers from when you roast a chicken, duck, turkey, or goose (pastured)From a local butcher, especially one who butchers the whole animal. Click on the map to begin searching for a store in your area by state. Locator also shows stores near popular destinations. Bone broth is an incredibly nutritious and health-boosting food that is very easy to make. This step by step tutorial shows you how. Live a healthier life with TODAY’s health tips and find the latest news for personal wellness, fitness, diet and relationships. From local farmers who raise grass fed animals (ask around at your local Farmer’s Market)Online from companies like US Wellness Meats. I also add 2 cloves of garlic for the last 3. You\'ll also need a large stock pot to cook the broth in and a strainer to remove the pieces when it is done. If you are using raw bones, especially beef bones, it improves flavor to roast them in the oven first. I place them in a roasting pan and roast for 3. Then, place the bones in a large stock pot (I use a 5 gallon pot). Pour (filtered) water over the bones and add the vinegar. Let sit for 2. 0- 3. The acid helps make the nutrients in the bones more available. Rough chop and add the vegetables (except the parsley and garlic, if using) to the pot. Add any salt, pepper, spices, or herbs, if using. Now, bring the broth to a boil. Once it has reached a vigorous boil, reduce to a simmer and simmer until done. Statewide grocery store chain and Fortune 500 corporation established in 1930. History, photo gallery timeline, store locator, recipes, news, employment. Natural Fat Burning Foods For Men - Kundalini Yoga Teacher Training Los Angeles Weight Loss Now More Effective Than Ever. Causes Of Losing 10 Pounds In A Month how do you lose weight in 3 days Ephedrine Uk Law Phentermine 40 5 Weight Loss Pills Weight Loss Now More Effective Than Ever. Raspberry Keyton Lida Daidaihua Capsule. During the first few hours of simmering, you\'ll need to remove the impurities that float to the surface. A frothy/foamy layer will form and it can be easily scooped off with a big spoon. I typically check it every 2. Grass- fed and healthy animals will produce much less of this than conventional animals. During the last 3. Remove from heat and let cool slightly. Strain using a fine metal strainer to remove all the bits of bone and vegetable. When cool enough, store in a gallon size glass jar in the fridge for up to 5 days, or freeze for later use. Detailed instructions below. Bone Broth Ingredients. Apple Cider Vinegar. Optional: 1 bunch of parsley, 1 tablespoon or more of sea salt, 1 teaspoon peppercorns, additional herbs or spices to taste. I also add 2 cloves of garlic for the last 3. You’ll also need a large stock pot to cook the broth in and a strainer to remove the pieces when it is done. Bone Broth Instructions. The first step in preparing to make broth is to gather high quality bones. As I said, you can find them from sources listed above or save them when you cook. Since we roast chicken at least once a week, I save the carcass for making broth/stock. I usually aim for 2 pounds of bones per gallon of water I’m using to make broth. This usually works out to 2- 3 full chicken carcasses. If possible I’ll also add 2 chicken feet per gallon of water (completely optional!). You’ll also need some organic vegetables for flavor. These are actually optional but add extra flavor and nutrition. Typically, I add (per gallon of water and 2 pounds of bones): 1 onion. I also add, per batch, a bunch of parsley from the garden. Since I make in bulk, I usually use about 4 times the amount of each of these. You can make in any amount, just multiply or divide the recipe up or down. If you are using raw bones, especially beef bones, it improves flavor to roast them in the oven first. I place them in a roasting pan and roast for 3. Then, place the bones in a large stock pot (I use a 5 gallon pot). Pour (filtered) water over the bones and add the vinegar. Let sit for 2. 0- 3. The acid helps make the nutrients in the bones more available. Rough chop and add the vegetables (except the parsley and garlic, if using) to the pot. Add any salt, pepper, spices, or herbs, if using. Now, bring the broth to a boil. Once it has reached a vigorous boil, reduce to a simmer and simmer until done. These are the times I simmer for: Beef broth/stock: 4. Chicken or poultry broth/stock: 2. Fish broth: 8 hours. During the first few hours of simmering, you’ll need to remove the impurities that float to the surface. A frothy/foamy layer will form and it can be easily scooped off with a big spoon. I typically check it every 2. Grass- fed and healthy animals will produce much less of this than conventional animals. During the last 3. Remove from heat and let cool slightly. Strain using a fine metal strainer to remove all the bits of bone and vegetable. When cool enough, store in a gallon size glass jar in the fridge for up to 5 days, or freeze for later use. How to Use Bone Broth. Homemade Broth/Stock can be used as the liquid in making soups, stews, gravies, sauces, and reductions. It can also be used to saute or roast vegetables. Especially in the fall and winter, we try to drink at least 1 cup per person per day as a health boost. My favorite way is to heat 8- 1. In times of illness (which doesn’t happen often) we will usually just drink bone broth until we start feeling better as it supports the body but is very easy to digest so the body’s energy can go to healing. In cases of stomach bugs or vomiting, bone broth often calms the stomach very quickly and helps shorten the duration of the illness. If you aren’t already, make bone broth a regular part of your kitchen routine. It’s health boosting, inexpensive and easy. Send it to Me! Do you already make bone broth? Share your tips or questions below!
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Intensive Diabetes Management: 9781580403283. Massachusetts, USA) is the clinical Director and Associate Chief, Diabetes Program, Division of Endocrinology. This study investigated the effects of a diabetes outpatient intensive management program (DOIMP) on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and adherence.Diabetes Self- Management . However, the good news is that by learning how to manage your diabetes, you can enjoy a long and active life. At The Chester County Hospital, we firmly believe that education is the most important component to the management of diabetes. Our self- management programs are a proven way to help individuals care for and control their diabetes. The Chester County Hospital has one of the most comprehensive diabetes instructional programs in the region. Recognized for excellence by the American Association of Diabetes Educators, our classes instruct individuals on how to self- manage diabetes with proper nutrition, carbohydrate counting, medication, exercise and home blood sugar tests. Classes are available for individuals with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes.
At the core of the Diabetes Self- Management Program is a four- week educational course called Diabetes Basics. The course is for individuals with newly diagnosed with or uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes. This program reviews basic diabetes management principles and includes the following: A personalized food plan, reviewed weekly Blood glucose testing instruction Weekly blood sugar evaluations Follow- up report sent to your doctor Annual follow- up consultation Access to trained personnel to assist with management issues. For individuals with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes on multiple daily injections or those who are on an insulin pump, a four- week educational program call Intensive Insulin Management Training is available. Throughout this program participants will learn to minimize the high and low blood sugar readings often associated with insulin- requiring diabetes. Individuals will learn how to match insulin to food intake, allowing for better glucose control with greater flexibility. The management of diabetes is a continual process and dealing with the life changes and challenges that come along with it can at times be discouraging. Intensive diabetes education program and multidisciplinary team approach in management of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. Free Diabetes Support Groups are also available to individuals with diabetes who are looking for support, education and camaraderie with others going through similar experiences. These support groups require no pre- registration. Use the contact information below to learn about upcoming meetings. Support groups include: Our comprehensive programs also include the following individualized services: Gestational diabetes management. Pre- diabetes management. Medical nutrition therapy/nutrition counseling. Weight management. Insulin, Byetta or Symlin. Insulin pump training. Insulin pump download with evaluation of pump settings. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with evaluation. Basics or Intensive Management Program follow- up consultations. Achievement. The Diabetes Self- Management Program achieved accreditation by the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE). This accreditation recognizes that the program meets all national standards for diabetes self- management education and provides education programs that easily track and maintain patient progress. LOCATION and CONTACT INFORMATIONFor information regarding the cancellation of wellness classes or programs, visit Cancellation Policies: Payment/Weather. Last Updated: 7/1.
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Why buy a North America Phase Converter? Higher Quality Products; Factory Direct Prices. We build solutions for converting single phase power into three phase power. Single Phase Current Series 3 Phase Converter. When multiple three phase motors are. PHASE Rotary Phase Converters. Single phase to three phase conversion (3 phase converters, three phase power) Single to 3 phase converters (misnamed 3 phase transformers) provide three phase power. For information on where, how and why three- phase is used, see three- phase electric power. The plotted line represents the variation of instantaneous voltage (or current) with respect to time. This cycle repeats with a frequency that depends on the power system. In electrical engineering, three- phase electric power systems have at least three conductors carrying alternating current voltages that are offset in time by one- third of the period. A three- phase system may be arranged in delta (. A wye system allows the use of two different voltages from all three phases, such as a 2. V system which provides 2. V between the neutral (centre hub) and any one of the phases, and 4. V across any two phases. A delta system arrangement only provides one voltage magnitude, however it has a greater redundancy as it may continue to operate normally with one of the three supply windings offline, albeit at 5. Building an Auto-Start Rotary Three Phase Converter by: Matt Isserstedt Disclaimer. Switch single-phase power to two legs of the three-phase motor. Three-phase High Power High Frequency Transformers Abstract. TABLE 3-3 SINGLE AND THREE-PHASE DAB CONVERTER OPERATING PRINCIPLES COMPARISON. Digital Phase Conversion. Phase Perfect Digital Electric; Low Harmonic VFDs. APX Electric Solution. Each phase has its own pair of windings. In a star (wye) connected topology, with rotation sequence L1 - L2 - L3, the time- varying instantaneous voltages can be calculated for each phase A,C,B respectively by: VL1. It is usual practice to discuss a balanced system first and then describe the effects of unbalanced systems as deviations from the elementary case. Constant power transfer. This is essential for keeping large generators and motors running smoothly. Actually, the load need not be resistive for achieving a constant instantaneous power since, as long as it is balanced or the same for all phases, it may be written as. Z=. The neutral current is the inverted vector sum of the line currents. See Kirchhoff\'s circuit laws. IL1=VL1. Such connections are generally used only when the load on the three phases is part of the same piece of equipment (for example a three- phase motor), as otherwise switching loads and slight imbalances would cause large voltage fluctuations. Unbalanced systems. The analysis of unbalanced cases is greatly simplified by the use of the techniques of symmetrical components. An unbalanced system is analysed as the superposition of three balanced systems, each with the positive, negative or zero sequence of balanced voltages. When specifying wiring sizes in a three- phase system, we only need to know the magnitude of the phase and neutral currents. The neutral current can be determined by adding the three phase currents together as complex numbers and then converting from rectangular to polar co- ordinates. If the three- phase root mean square (RMS) currents are IL1. Devices that utilize rectifier- capacitor front ends (such as switch- mode power supplies for computers, office equipment and the like) introduce third order harmonics. Third harmonic currents are in- phase on each of the supply phases and therefore will add together in the neutral which can cause the neutral current in a wye system to exceed the phase currents. Such a revolving magnetic field makes polyphase induction motors possible. Indeed, where induction motors must run on single- phase power (such as is usually distributed in homes), the motor must contain some mechanism to produce a revolving field, otherwise the motor cannot generate any stand- still torque and will not start. The field produced by a single- phase winding can provide energy to a motor already rotating, but without auxiliary mechanisms the motor will not accelerate from a stop when energized. A rotating magnetic field of steady amplitude requires that all three phase currents be equal in magnitude, and accurately displaced one- third of a cycle in phase. Unbalanced operation results in undesirable effects on motors and generators. Conversion to other phase systems. Such arrays will evenly balance the polyphase load between the phases of the source system. For example, balanced two- phase power can be obtained from a three- phase network by using two specially constructed transformers, with taps at 5. This Scott T connection produces a true two- phase system with 9. Another example is the generation of higher- phase- order systems for large rectifier systems, to produce a smoother DC output and to reduce the harmonic currents in the supply. When three- phase is needed but only single- phase is readily available from the electricity supplier, a phase converter can be used to generate three- phase power from the single phase supply. System measurements. Elements of Power Systems Analysis. Mc. Graw- Hill Electrical and Electronic Engineering Series (3rd ed.). New York: Mc. Graw- Hill.
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Bethany Frenette – Dark Star. Bethany Frenette – Dark Star. Time: 0. 8: 5. 7: 1. Her mother is the superhero Morning Star, the most deadly crime fighter in the Twin Cities, so it\'s hard for Audrey not to feel safe. That is, until she\'s lured into the night by something human and not human – something with talons and teeth, and a wide scarlet smile. Now Audrey knows the truth: her mom doesn\'t fight crime. Dark Star Bethany Frenette Pdf PrinterShe fights Harrowers – livid, merciless beings who were trapped Beneath eons ago. Yet some have managed to escape, and they want Audrey dead just because of who she is: one of the Kin. To survive, Audrey will need to sharpen the powers she has always had. When she gets close to someone, dark corners of the person\'s memories become her own, and she sometimes glimpses the future. If Audrey could only get near Patrick Tigue, a powerful Harrower masquerading as human, she could use her Knowing to discover the Harrowers\' next move. But Leon, her mother\'s bossy, infuriatingly attractive sidekick, has other ideas. Lately, he won\'t let Audrey out of his sight. Read Online burn bright dark star 2 bethany frenette, burn bright dark star 2 bethany frenette PDF, Download burn bright dark star 2 bethany frenette Created Date. By Bethany Frenette (Goodreads Author) 3.85 . I\'ll say it again: Dark Star is not a superhero novel. At least, not the usual type. Title: Burn Bright Dark Star 2 Bethany Frenette Author: Lucas Wexler Subject: burn bright dark star 2 bethany frenette Keywords: Read Online burn bright dark star 2. When an unthinkable betrayal puts Minneapolis in terrible danger, Audrey discovers a wild, untamed power within herself. It may be the key to saving her family and her city. Title: Burn Bright Dark Star 2 Bethany Frenette Author: Anja Walter Subject: burn bright dark star 2 bethany frenette Keywords: Read Online burn bright dark star 2. Title: Burn Bright Dark Star 2 Bethany Frenette Author: Daniela Fischer Subject: burn bright dark star 2 bethany frenette Keywords: Read Online burn bright dark star. That right now dark star 1 bethany frenette PDF is available on our online library. With our online resources, you can find. Here is the access to download page for DARK STAR 1 BETHANY FRENETTE PDF. Click the link below to download or read online: DOWNLOAD DARK STAR 1 BETHANY FRENETTE.PDF NOW. Dark Star Bethany Frenette Pdf WriterOr it may be the force that destroys everything – and everyone – she loves. Hier finden Sie noch mehr Audiobooks von mir. Please DO NOT MIRRORDownload. Days Free Access to USENET. Free 3. 00 GB with 1.
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Nicotine Patch - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses. Active ingredient Step 1 (in each patch)Nicotine, 2. Active ingredient Step 2 (in each patch)Nicotine, 1. Active ingredient Step 3 (in each patch)Nicotine, 7mg delivered over 2. Purpose. Stop smoking aid. Usereduces withdrawal symptoms, including nicotine craving, associated with quitting smoking. Warnings. If you are pregnant or breast- feeding, only use this medicine on the advice of your health care provider. Smoking can seriously harm your child. Try to stop smoking without using any nicotine replacement medicine. This medicine is believed to be safer than smoking. However, the risks to your child from this medicine are not fully known. Do not use. If you continue to smoke, chew tobacco, use snuff, or use a nicotine gum or other nicotine containing products. Ask a doctor before use if you haveheart disease, recent heart attack, or irregular heartbeat. Nicotine can increase your heart rate. Nicotine can increase your blood pressure. Ask a doctor or pharmacist before use if you areusing a non- nicotine stop smoking drugtaking a prescription medicine for depression or asthma. Your prescription dose may need to be adjusted. When using this productdo not smoke even when not wearing the patch. The nicotine in your skin will still be entering your blood stream for several hours after you take off the patch. If you have vivid dreams or other sleep disturbances remove this patch at bedtime. Stop use and ask a doctor ifskin redness caused by the patch does not go away after four days, or if your skin swells, or you get a rashirregular heartbeat or palpitations occuryou get symptoms of nicotine overdose such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, weakness, and rapid heartbeat. Keep out of reach of children and pets. Used patches have enough nicotine to poison children and pets. If swallowed, get medical help or contact a Poison Control Center right away. Dispose of the used patches by folding sticky ends together. Replace in pouch and discard. Directionsif you are under 1. User’s Guide for complete directions and other informationstop smoking completely when you begin using the patchif you smoke more than 1. STEP 1. STEP 2. STEP 3. Use one 2. 1mg patch/day. Use one 1. 4mg patch/day. Use one 7mg patch/day. Weeks 1- 6. Weeks 7- 8. Weeks 9- 1. 0if you smoke 1. Find great deals on eBay for stop smoking patches stop smoking patches step 2. Shop with confidence. STEP 1 (2. 1mg). Start with STEP 2 (1. STEP 3 (7mg) for 2 weeks and then stop. Completing the full program will increase your chances of quitting successfully. Save pouch for disposing of the patch after use. Hold for 1. 0 seconds. Throw away the patch by folding sticky ends together. Replace in its pouch and discard. See enclosed User’s Guide for safety and handling. If you started with STEP 2, stop using the patch at the end of 8 weeks. If you still feel the need to use the patch, talk to your doctor. Inactive ingredientsethylene vinyl acetate- copolymer, polyisobutylene and high density polyethylene between clear polyester backings. Other informationstore at 2. C (6. 8 – 7. 7o. F)Made in Switzerland. See top panel for lot number and expiration date.*NICODERM is a licensed trademark of the Glaxo. Smith. Kline group of companies. Questions and comments? English/Spanish) weekdays (9: 0. ET)Principal Display Panel. NDC 0. 36. 3- 0. 19. CLEAR Nicotine Transdermal System Patch. Walgreens. STEP 1. Clear Patches. 2 WEEK KITSTOP SMOKING AIDwith Behavior Support Program. If you smoke more than 1. By using the patch, you can taper off your smoking or your use of smokeless tobacco. And after about 8 to 10 weeks, you stop using the patch completely.Step 1. If you smoke 1. Step 2. Compare to Nico.
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Data warehouse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. In computing, a data warehouse (DW or DWH), also known as an enterprise data warehouse (EDW), is a system used for reporting and data analysis, and is considered as a core component of business intelligence. DWs are central repositories of integrated data from one or more disparate sources. They store current and historical data and are used for creating analytical reports for knowledge workers throughout the enterprise. Examples of reports could range from annual and quarterly comparisons and trends to detailed daily sales analysis. The data stored in the warehouse is uploaded from the operational systems (such as marketing, sales, etc., shown in the figure to the right). SAP Online Help Getting Started 4.70 2. Classes and Information Classes for Business Information Warehouse on the. In computing, a data warehouse (DW or DWH), also known as an enterprise data warehouse (EDW), is a system used for reporting and data analysis, and is considered as a. Get software and technology solutions from SAP. See how the American Society of Clinical Oncology is harnessing Big Data for. Data Warehouse SAP BW in the Production Company is presented. A data warehouse is designed for efficient. Title: Sap bw concepts pdf. Understand and Explore the most common SAP BI/BW/BOBJ Data Warehousing Concepts and BI tools from an experienced. Essentially SAP BW Data Warehouse is just. Data Warehousing Concepts. This chapter provides an overview of the Oracle data warehousing implementation. Building the Data Warehouse by William Inmon. The data may pass through an operational data store for additional operations before it is used in the DW for reporting. Types of systems. Data marts are often built and controlled by a single department within an organization. The sources could be internal operational systems, a central data warehouse, or external data. Given that data marts generally cover only a subset of the data contained in a data warehouse, they are often easier and faster to implement. The difference between data warehouse and data mart. Data warehousedata martenterprise- wide datadepartment- wide datamultiple subject areassingle subject areadifficult to buildeasy to buildtakes more time to buildless time to buildlarger memorylimited memory. Types of data marts. Dependent data mart. Independent data mart. Hybrid data mart. Online analytical processing (OLAP)OLAP is characterized by a relatively low volume of transactions. Queries are often very complex and involve aggregations. Materials Management Terms in SAP 1. SAP Definition: A data record containing all the basic. Warehouse stock location SAP. For OLAP systems, response time is an effectiveness measure. OLAP applications are widely used by Data Mining techniques. OLAP databases store aggregated, historical data in multi- dimensional schemas (usually star schemas). OLAP systems typically have data latency of a few hours, as opposed to data marts, where latency is expected to be closer to one day. The OLAP approach is used to analyze multidimensional data from multiple sources and perspectives. The three basic operations in OLAP are : Roll- up (Consolidation), Drill- down and Slicing & Dicing. OLTP systems emphasize very fast query processing and maintaining data integrity in multi- access environments. For OLTP systems, effectiveness is measured by the number of transactions per second. Data Warehouse - Basic Concepts 02 DW Basic Concepts - Notice! DW Basic Concepts - CIF: Data Warehouse. Advanced concepts related to data warehousing. Prerequisites Before proceeding with this tutorial, you should have an understanding of. Data Warehouse Models. OLTP databases contain detailed and current data. The schema used to store transactional databases is the entity model (usually 3. NF). Predictive analysis is different from OLAP in that OLAP focuses on historical data analysis and is reactive in nature, while predictive analysis focuses on the future. These systems are also used for CRM (customer relationship management). Software tools. The staging layer or staging database stores raw data extracted from each of the disparate source data systems. Sap Data Warehouse Concepts Pdf CreatorThe integration layer integrates the disparate data sets by transforming the data from the staging layer often storing this transformed data in an operational data store (ODS) database. The integrated data are then moved to yet another database, often called the data warehouse database, where the data is arranged into hierarchical groups often called dimensions and into facts and aggregate facts. The combination of facts and dimensions is sometimes called a star schema. The access layer helps users retrieve data. The main source of the data is cleaned, transformed, cataloged and made available for use by managers and other business professionals for data mining, online analytical processing, market research and decision support. Many references to data warehousing use this broader context. Thus, an expanded definition for data warehousing includes business intelligence tools, tools to extract, transform and load data into the repository, and tools to manage and retrieve metadata. Benefits. This architectural complexity provides the opportunity to: Congregate data from multiple sources into a single database so a single query engine can be used to present data. Mitigate the problem of database isolation level lock contention in transaction processing systems caused by attempts to run large, long running, analysis queries in transaction processing databases. Maintain data history, even if the source transaction systems do not. Integrate data from multiple source systems, enabling a central view across the enterprise. This benefit is always valuable, but particularly so when the organization has grown by merger. Improve data quality, by providing consistent codes and descriptions, flagging or even fixing bad data. Present the organization\'s information consistently. Provide a single common data model for all data of interest regardless of the data\'s source. Restructure the data so that it makes sense to the business users. Restructure the data so that it delivers excellent query performance, even for complex analytic queries, without impacting the operational systems. Add value to operational business applications, notably customer relationship management (CRM) systems. Make decision. A key to this response is the effective and efficient use of data and information by analysts and managers. In essence, the data warehousing concept was intended to provide an architectural model for the flow of data from operational systems to decision support environments. The concept attempted to address the various problems associated with this flow, mainly the high costs associated with it. In the absence of a data warehousing architecture, an enormous amount of redundancy was required to support multiple decision support environments. In larger corporations it was typical for multiple decision support environments to operate independently. Though each environment served different users, they often required much of the same stored data. The process of gathering, cleaning and integrating data from various sources, usually from long- term existing operational systems (usually referred to as legacy systems), was typically in part replicated for each environment. Moreover, the operational systems were frequently reexamined as new decision support requirements emerged. Often new requirements necessitated gathering, cleaning and integrating new data from . First platform designed for building Information Centers (a forerunner of contemporary Enterprise Data Warehousing platforms)1. DIS was a hardware/software package and GUI for business users to create a database management and analytic system. Textual disambiguation applies context to raw text and reformats the raw text and context into a standard data base format. Once raw text is passed through textual disambiguation, it can easily and efficiently be accessed and analyzed by standard business intelligence technology. Textual disambiguation is accomplished through the execution of textual ETL. Textual disambiguation is useful wherever raw text is found, such as in documents, Hadoop, email, and so forth. Information storage. These are called aggregates or summaries or aggregated facts. E. g. The normalized approach, also called the 3. NF model (Third Normal Form) refers to Bill Inmon\'s approach in which it is stated that the data warehouse should be modeled using an E- R model/normalized model. In a dimensional approach, transaction data are partitioned into . For example, a sales transaction can be broken up into facts such as the number of products ordered and the price paid for the products, and into dimensions such as order date, customer name, product number, order ship- to and bill- to locations, and salesperson responsible for receiving the order. A key advantage of a dimensional approach is that the data warehouse is easier for the user to understand and to use. Also, the retrieval of data from the data warehouse tends to operate very quickly. Facts are related to the organization. Another advantage offered by dimensional model is that it does not involve a relational database every time. Thus,this type of modeling technique is very useful for end- user queries in data warehouse. Tables are grouped together by subject areas that reflect general data categories (e. The normalized structure divides data into entities, which creates several tables in a relational database. When applied in large enterprises the result is dozens of tables that are linked together by a web of joins. Furthermore, each of the created entities is converted into separate physical tables when the database is implemented (Kimball, Ralph 2. The main advantage of this approach is that it is straightforward to add information into the database. Some disadvantages of this approach are that, because of the number of tables involved, it can be difficult for users to join data from different sources into meaningful information and to access the information without a precise understanding of the sources of data and of the data structure of the data warehouse. Both normalized and dimensional models can be represented in entity- relationship diagrams as both contain joined relational tables. The difference between the two models is the degree of normalization (also known as Normal Forms). These approaches are not mutually exclusive, and there are other approaches. Dimensional approaches can involve normalizing data to a degree (Kimball, Ralph 2. In Information- Driven Business. The technique shows that normalized models hold far more information than their dimensional equivalents (even when the same fields are used in both models) but this extra information comes at the cost of usability. The technique measures information quantity in terms of information entropy and usability in terms of the Small Worlds data transformation measure. These data marts can then be integrated to create a comprehensive data warehouse. The data warehouse bus architecture is primarily an implementation of . \n
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